Determination of plasma viral load in HIV-1 infection by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. Johnson), and several others initiated vaccine development programs that resulted in the creation of more traditional protein-based or viral vector-based vaccine constructs. Within 11 months of the conceptual design of the prototypic vaccines, the Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines were granted Early Use Authorization (EUA) approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2, 3). Other vaccines were proven to be safe and effective and were granted EUA approval in the United States (Johnson and Johnson/Janssen) or in other countries around the world (AstraZenica, Sinovax, FLT3-IN-1 and Novavax). The cumulative impact of the release of these vaccines in such an unprecedented rapid fashion has saved millions of lives in the United States and around the world. A modern miracle. Simultaneous to FLT3-IN-1 the successful development and release of effective vaccines was the rapid creation and release of PCR and antigen testing technologies and novel antiviral treatments against SARS-CoV-2. These treatments included traditional nucleoside (such as remdesivir) (4, 5), protease inhibitor-based compounds (6), and novel monoclonal antibody formulations that target the outer spike protein region of SARS-CoV-2 (7C9). These products, when used early in the course of infection, dramatically shorten the duration and reduce the severity of illness. As the natural FLT3-IN-1 history, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations of FLT3-IN-1 COVID-19 became better understood, other immunologic therapeutics CHEK2 were tested and deployed as treatment for advanced hypoxemia and respiratory failure. These interventions ranged from corticosteroids to inhibitors of cytokine production and immune activation, including IL-6 and JAK inhibitors (10C13). Epidemiologically, real-time collection of FLT3-IN-1 incident cases, hospitalizations, and mortality has enabled targeted and rapid release of advice regarding prevention of transmission based on sound, public health principles. Serial sequencing of the virus from recently diagnosed persons detected variants as they emerged in unique geographic areas and enabled warning systems to be employed as the novel variants spread around the globe (1, 14, 15). By no means in the history of mankind have such monumental medical discoveries been made and deployed into practice in such a quick and effective way. All these discoveries were made possible from decades of scientific progress in the fields of virology, immunology, epidemiology, and medical medicine that preceded the COVID-19 epidemic. Although a wide variety of scientific disciplines founded the platform upon which the impressive response to COVID-19 was centered, the study of human being immunodeficiency disease (HIV-1) over the last 40 yr laid the groundwork for most of these improvements. This paper will review the medical discoveries that emerged on the four decades of the HIV epidemic and how these advances offered the foundation for the quick response to SARS-CoV-2 (Number 1). Open in a separate window Number 1. Comparative timelines of the HIV pandemic versus the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the United States. The HIV timeline is definitely measured in years, while the SARS-CoV-2 timeline is definitely measured in weeks. The accelerated medical discoveries of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were enabled, in large part, by the experience accumulated throughout the HIV pandemic. ACT-UP, AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ARV, antiretroviral; AZT, 3-azidothymidine (zidovudine); CDC, US Center for Disease Control and Prevention; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; EUA, early use authorization; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human being immunodeficiency disease; HHS, US Division of Health and Human being Solutions; HOPE Take action, HIV Organ Policy Equity Take action; HOPWA, Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS; IAS-USA, International Antiviral Society-USA; J and J, Johnson and Johnson (pharmaceutical organization); NIH, US National Institutes of Health; PEPFAR, Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; RT, reverse transcriptase; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SFGH, San.